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Molecular detection of Histoplasma capsulatum in organ samples from bats randomly captured in urban areas of Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
- Jessica A. Ruiz-Muñoz, Gabriela Rodríguez-Arellanes, José A. Ramírez, Laura E. Carreto-Binaghi, Ana M. Fusco-Almeida, Maria José S. Mendes-Giannini, Blanca E. García-Pérez, Maria Lucia Taylor
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Accepted manuscript
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 May 2024, pp. 1-26
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56 Dunning-Kruger Effect and Anxiety in a Mexican population
- Natalia L. Acosta, Krissy E. Smith, Tara L. Victor, David H. Hardy, Alberto L. Fernandez, Raymundo Cervantes, Ana Paula P. Quiñones, Carolina G. Castañeda, Jill Razani, Isabel D.C. Muñoz, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 841-842
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Objective:
The Dunning-Krueger effect is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to overestimate their abilities in areas where they are less competent. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Researchers reported that workload ratings on the NASA-TLX increased with increased task demands on a cognitive task. Anxiety is known as an emotion that can make an individual more susceptible to develop a mental health condition. We examine if the Dunning-Krueger effect occurs in a Mexican population with and without current symptoms of anxiety and possible factors driving individuals to overestimate their abilities on the CNT. We predicted the abnormal symptoms of anxiety (ASA) group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the normal symptoms of anxiety (NSA) group. We also predicted the low-performance group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the high-performance group.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 192 Mexican participants with NSA (79 low-performance & 113 high-performance) and 74 Mexican participants with ASA (44 low-performance & 30 high-performance). Participants completed the CNT, NASA-TLX, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Spanish. The NASA-TLX was used to evaluate perceived workloads after the completion of the CNT. Meanwhile, the HADS was used to create our anxiety groups. Finally, CNT raw scores were converted into T-scores, which then were averaged to create the following two groups: low-performance (CNT T-Score <50) and high-performance (CNT T-Score 50+). A series of 2x2 ANCOVAs, controlling for gender were used to evaluate CNT performance and perceived workloads.
Results:We found a significant interaction where the low-performance ASA and the high-performance NSA groups demonstrated better CNT performance and reported higher perceived workloads (i.e., performance, temporal demand) on the CNT compared to their respective counterparts (i.e., low-performance NSA & high-performance ASA groups), p's<.05, ηp's2=.02. We found a main effect where the high-performance group outperformed the low-performance group on the CNT and reported lower perceived workloads on the CNT, p's<.05, ηp's2 =.04-.46.
Conclusions:The Dunning-Krueger effect did not occur in our sample. Participants that demonstrated better CNT performance also reported higher perceived workloads regardless of their current symptoms of anxiety. A possible explanation can be our sample's cultural norms of what would be considered as abnormal symptoms of anxiety, is a normal part of life, decreasing the possibilities to experience self-efficacy distoritions. Future studies should investigate whether the Dunning-Kruger effect may be influencing other aspects of cognitive functioning subjectively in Mexicans residing in Mexico and the United States with and without current symptoms of anxiety.
35 Bilingualism and Time Perspective in Hispanic-Americans Speed Attention
- Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez, Krissy E. Smith, Isabel D. C. Munoz, Tara L. Victor
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 447-448
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Objective:
Differences between monolinguals and bilinguals have been documented in neuropsychological test performance. Various explanations have been provided to explain why differences exist among these language groups. Hispanic-Americans are individuals born and reside in the United States and have a family background extending to one of the Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America or Spain. Furthermore, Hispanic-American children from Hispanic homes where Spanish is their first language find themselves academically at a disadvantage because their English vocabulary may be lower than English monolinguals. Time perspective (TP) refers to an individual’s orientation towards the past, present, or future. One’s ability to change their TP in order to adapt to changes in cultural context can result in optimal psychological well-being. In one study, researchers reported no relationship existed between ethnicity and TP on cognition. To our knowledge, no study has examined the relationship between language and TP in Hispanic-Americans’ speed attention performance. Therefore, it was predicted that monolinguals would outperform bilinguals on speed attention tasks. Next, it was predicted that monolinguals would report higher scores on future time orientation compared to bilinguals, and bilinguals would report higher scores on past and present time orientation compared to monolinguals. Finally, differences in TP would correlate with speed attention tasks between language groups.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 119 Hispanic-Americans with a mean age of 19.45 (SD = 1.43). Participants were broken into three groups: English first language monolingual (EFLM), English first language bilingual (EFLB), and English second language bilingual (ESLB). The Comalli Stroop part A and B, Trail Making Test part A, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test written and oral parts were used to evaluate speed attention and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory was used to evaluate time orientation in our sample.
Results:ANOVAs revealed the EFLM group outperformed the ESLB group on the Comalli Stroop part B, p = .020, np2 = .07. Next, we also found on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test written part the EFLB group outperformed both bilingual groups, p = .025, np2 = .06. Regarding TP, the EFLB group reported higher past negative orientation compared to the EFLM group, p = .033, np2 = .06. Additionally, we found the bilingual groups reported higher present-fatalistic compared to the EFLM group, p = .023, np2 = .06. Pearson’s correlation revealed no significant correlations between TP and speed attention tasks on any of our language groups.
Conclusions:As expected, the EFLM group outperformed the ESLB group on several speed attention tasks, but the EFLM group only outperformed the EFLB group on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test written part. Additionally, we found that our EFLB sample reported higher orientation of the past and present compared to monolinguals. Our sample level of acculturation could have been a factor influencing the relationship between TP and speed attention. Future studies using larger representative samples should include measures of acculturation and examine if TP influences other cognitive domains (e.g., executive function) in Hispanic-American monolingual and bilingual speakers.
89 Depression and Executive Function in a Mexican Population
- Natalia Lozano Acosta, Yvette De Jesus, Krissy E Smith, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Adriana Cuello Cancino, Mariam Gomez, Raymundo Cervantes, Daniel W Lopez Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 289-290
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Objective:
Depression is a mood or emotional state that is characterized by feelings of sadness (i.e., a loss of interest in activities, low self-worth) for a minimum of two weeks. Executive function is a set of mental processes that are necessary for cognitive control of behavior to achieve and successfully execute a specific goal (e.g., inhibition). Researchers have reported that people with abnormal symptoms of depression (ASD) demonstrate worse executive functioning abilities (e.g., planning) compared to persons with normal symptoms of depression (NSD). Currently, there is a lack of research studies examining how depressive symptoms influence executive functioning in people that identify as Mexican. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of depression on executive functioning in a healthy Mexican Spanish speaking population. We hypothesized that participants with NSD would demonstrate better executive functioning abilities compared to participants with ASD.
Participants and Methods:The sample in the present study consisted of 87 neurologically and psychologically healthy Mexican participants all residing in Mexico. Mean age was 24.71 (SD = 9.66) and 14.78 (SD = 4.50) years of education completed. Participants completed a neuropsychological battery in Spanish and were divided into two groups: NSD (n = 61) and ASD (n = 26). The Stroop Color Word Test - Color-Word (SCWT-CW) task, phonemic verbal fluency task consisting of three trials, and semantic verbal fluency task consisting of one trial were used to evaluate executive functioning. In addition, participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Spanish to report the current level of depression. ANCOVAS, controlling for age were used to examine executive functioning performance. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.
Results:ANCOVAS revealed the NSD group outperformed the ASD group on the SCWT-CW task, p = .004, np2 = .10. We also found the NSD group outperformed the ASD group on the phonemic verbal fluency task, p = .045, np2 = .05. Finally, no significant differences were found between depression groups on the semantic verbal fluency task.
Conclusions:As we predicted, the NSD group demonstrated better executive functioning abilities compared to the ASD group, except on the semantic verbal fluency task. Our data suggests that the current level of depression have a significant influence on verbal executive functioning abilities in a Spanish speaking population. Future studies with larger sample size should evaluate if current symptoms of depression influence non-verbal executive functioning abilities in a Spanish speaking Mexican population.
8 The Dunning-Kruger Effect on a Latinx Population
- Carolina Garza Castaneda, Matthew J. Wright, Raymundo Cervantes, Tara L. Victor, Krissy E. Smith, Chelsea McElwee, Adriana Cuello, Alberto L. Fernandez, Isabel D. C. Munoz, David J. Hardy, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 423-424
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Objective:
Individuals tend to overestimate their abilities in areas where they are less competent. This cognitive bias is known as the Dunning-Krueger effect. Research shows that Dunning-Krueger effect occurs in persons with traumatic brain injury and healthy comparison participants. It was suggested by Walker and colleagues (2017) that the deficits in cognitive awareness may be due to brain injury. Confrontational naming tasks (e.g., Boston Naming Test) are used to evaluate language abilities. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontational naming task developed to be administered in multiple languages. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). They found that workload ratings on the NASA-TLX increased with increased task demands on a cognitive task. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the Dunning-Kruger effect occurs in a Latinx population and possible factors driving individuals to overestimate their abilities on the CNT. We predicted the low-performance group would report better CNT performance, but underperform on the CNT compared to the high-performance group.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 129 Latinx participants with a mean age of 21.07 (SD = 4.57). Participants were neurologically and psychologically healthy. Our sample was divided into two groups: the low-performance group and the high-performance group. Participants completed the CNT and the NASA-TLX in English. The NASA-TLX examines perceived workload (e.g., performance) and it was used in the present study to evaluate possible factors driving individuals to overestimate their abilities on the CNT. Participants completed the NASA-TLX after completing the CNT. Moreover, the CNT raw scores were averaged to create the following two groups: low-performance (CNT raw score <17) and high-performance (CNT raw score 18+). A series of ANCOVA's, controlling for gender and years of education completed were used to evaluate CNT performance and CNT perceived workloads.
Results:We found the low-performance group reported better performance on the CNT compared to the high-performance, p = .021, np2 = .04. However, the high-performance group outperformed the low-performance group on the CNT, p = .000, np2 = .53. Additionally, results revealed the low-performance group reported higher temporal demand and effort levels on the CNT compared to the high-performance group, p's < .05, nps2 = .05.
Conclusions:As we predicted, the low-performance group overestimated their CNT performance compared to the high-performance group. The current data suggest that the Dunning-Kruger effect occurs in healthy Latinx participants. We also found that temporal demand and effort may be influencing awareness in the low-performance group CNT performance compared to the high-performance group. The present study suggests subjective features on what may be influencing confrontational naming task performance in low-performance individuals more than highperformance individuals on the CNT. Current literature shows that bilingual speakers underperformed on confrontational naming tasks compared to monolingual speakers. Future studies should investigate if the Dunning-Kruger effects Latinx English monolingual speakers compared to Spanish-English bilingual speakers on the CNT.
25 Exploring Phonemic and Semantic Fluency Ability Across Multiple Generations
- Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Dorthy Schmidt, Krissy E Smith, Brittany Heuchert, Adriana C Cuello, Natalia L Acosta, Miriam Gomez, Isabel D Munoz, Yvette D Jesus, Daniel W Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 438-439
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Objective:
Verbal fluency tasks evaluate executive functioning by requiring a person to provide words within a certain time period that start with a certain letter (phonemic fluency) or category (semantic fluency). Research shows that age impacts test takers’ phonemic and semantic verbal fluency performance. In fact, it has been suggested that phonemic verbal fluency peaks around age 30 to 39 and begins to decline at older ages. In contrast to phonemic fluency, research suggests that semantic fluency increases steadily between test takers until age 12 and begins declining around age 20. A generation is a cohort of people born within a certain period who share age and experiences. Studies show that Generation X individuals (persons born between 1965-1980) outperform Generation Y (persons born between 19811995) and Generation Z individuals (persons born between 1965-1980) on the Cordoba Naming Test. To our knowledge, no study has investigated verbal fluency performance across generational groups. We predicted that Generation X individuals would outperform individuals from Generation Y and Z on both verbal fluency measures.
Participants and Methods:The sample of the present study consisted of 107 participants with a mean age of 27.39 (SD = 9.16). Participants were divided into three groups: Generation X (n = 19), Generation Y (n = 52), and Generation Z (n = 36). The phonemic verbal fluency task consisted of three trials and the semantic verbal fluency task consisted of one trial, one minute each. A series of ANCOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to evaluate verbal fluency performance between generational groups. All participants passed performance validity testing.
Results:We found significant differences between our generational groups on both verbal fluency tasks. Post-hoc tests revealed that the Generation Y group outperformed both Generation X and Z groups on both verbal fluency tasks, p’s <.05, np2 =.11 -.16. No significant differences were found on either verbal fluency task between the Generation X and Z groups.
Conclusions:Contrary to our hypothesis, Generation Y individuals possessed better phonemic and semantic fluency than both Generation X and Z individuals. Meanwhile, Generation X individuals did not significantly differ on any of the verbal fluency tasks compared to Generation Z individuals. Speaking multiple languages has been shown to impact verbal fluency performance. In our sample, the Generation X and Z groups consisted primarily of bilingual speakers compared to the Generation Y group. Examining generational differences is essential to understand the unique characteristics and impact of the times in which various individuals have grown up. Future research, for instance, should evaluate the influence of bilingualism across generational groups on verbal fluency performance.
22 Cordoba Naming Test Performance and Acculturation in a Geriatric Population
- Isabel C.D. Muñoz, Krissy E. Smith, Santiago I. Espinoza, Diana M. R. Maqueda, Adriana C. Cuello, Ana Paula Pena, Carolina Garza, Raymundo Cervantes, Jill Razani, Tara L. Victor, David J. Hardy, Alberto L. Fernandez, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 335-336
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Objective:
A commonly used confrontation naming task used in the United States is The Boston Naming Test (BNT). Performance differences has been found in Caucasian and ethnic minorities on the BNT. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task developed in Argentina. Past research has shown acculturation levels can influence cognitive performance. Furthermore, one study evaluated geriatric gender differences on CNT performance in Spanish. Researchers reported that older male participants outperformed female participants on the CNT. To our knowledge, researchers have not evaluated ethnic differences on the CNT using a geriatric sample. The purpose of the present study was to examined CNT performance and acculturation in a Latinx and Caucasian geriatric sample. It was predicted the Caucasian group would outperform the Latinx group on the CNT. Moreover, the Caucasian group would report higher acculturation levels on the Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) compared to the Latinx group.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 9 Latinx and 11 Caucasian participants with a mean age of 66.80 (SD =6.10), with an average of 14.30 (SD = 2.00) years of education. All participants were neurologically and psychologically healthy and completed the CNT and the AMAS in English. Acculturation was measured via the AMAS English subscales (i.e., English Language, United States. Identity, United States, Competency). A series of ANCOVAs, controlling for years of education completed and gender, was used to evaluate CNT performance and acculturation.
Results:The ethnic groups were not well demographically matched (i.e., years of education and gender).We found that the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on CNT performance p = .012, ηp 2 = .34. Furthermore, the Caucasian group reported higher acculturation levels (i.e., English Language, United States, Identity, United States, Competency) compared to the Latinx group p’s < .05, ηps2 = .42-.64.
Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate CNT performance between ethnic groups with a geriatric sample. As expected the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on the CNT. Also, as expected the Caucasian group reported higher English acculturation levels compared to the Latinx group. Our findings are consistent with past studies showing ethnic differences on confrontational naming performance (i.e., The Boston Naming Test), favoring Caucasians. A possible explanation for group differences could have been linguistic factors (e.g., speaking multiple languages) in our Latinx group. Therefore, since our Latinx group reported lower levels of English Language, United States identity, and United States competency the Latinx group assimilation towards United States culture might of influence their CNT performance. Future studies with different ethnic groups (e.g., African-Americans) and a larger sample size should examine if ethnic differences continue to cross-validate in a geriatric sample.
30 Analyzing Spanish Speakers Cordoba Naming Test Performance
- Raymundo Cervantes, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Estefania J. Aguirre, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Mariam Gomez, Adriana C. Cuello, Krissy E. Smith, Diana I. Palacios Mata, Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Yvette De Jesus, Santiago I. Espinoza, Diana M. R. Maqueda, David J. Hardy, Tara L. Victor, Alberto L. Fernandez, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 443-444
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Objective:
A 30-item confrontation naming test was developed in Argentina for Spanish speakers, The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT). The Boston Naming Test is an established confrontation naming task in the United States. Researchers have used the Boston Naming Test to identify individuals with different clinical pathologies (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The current literature on how Spanish speakers across various countries perform on confrontational naming tasks is limited. To our knowledge, one study investigated CNT performance across three Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, and Guatemala). Investigators found that the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentine and Mexican groups. The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature and investigate CNT performance across five Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, United States). We predicted that the Argentine group would outperform the other Spanish-speaking countries.
Participants and Methods:The present study sample consisted of 502 neurologically and psychologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.06 (SD = 13.41) with 14.75 years of education completed (SD = 3.01). Participants were divided into five different groups based on their country of birth and current country residency (i.e., United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Argentina, & Colombia). All participants consented to voluntary participation and completed the CNT and a comprehensive background questionnaire in Spanish. The CNT consisted of 30 black and white line drawings, ranging from easy to hard in difficulty. An ANCOVA, controlling for gender, education, and age, was used to evaluate CNT performance between the five Spanish-speaking country groups. Meanwhile, a Bonferroni post-hoc test was utilized to evaluate the significant differences between Spanish-speaking groups. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.
Results:Results revealed significant group differences between the five Spanish speaking groups on the CNT, p = .000, np2 = .48. Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the United States group significantly underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. Next, we found the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentinian, Mexican, and Colombian groups. Additionally, we found the Argentinian group outperformed the Mexican, Guatemalan, and United States groups on the CNT. No significant differences were found between the Argentinian group and Colombian group or the Mexican group and Colombian group on the CNT.
Conclusions:As predicted, the Argentinian group outperformed all the Spanish-speaking groups on the CNT except the Colombian group. Additionally, we found that the United States group underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. A possible explanation is that Spanish is not the official language in the United States compared to the rest of the Spanish-speaking groups. Meanwhile, a possible reason why the Argentinian and Colombian groups demonstrated better CNT performances might have been that it was less culturally sensitive than the United States, Mexican, and Guatemalan groups. Further analysis is needed with bigger sample sizes across other Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Costa Rica, Chile) to evaluate what variables, if any, are influencing CNT performance.
68 Bilinguals' Perceived Workloads on The Boston Naming Test
- Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Yvette D Jesus, Dorthy Schmidt, Brittany Heuchert, Krissy E Smith, Adriana C Cancino, Natalia Lozano, Miriam Gomez, Isabel D Munoz, Daniel W Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 272-273
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Objective:
The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is a 60-item confrontation naming task requiring participants to name a series of pictures. Prior research has shown that bilingual children have smaller vocabularies than monolinguals and that this effect continues into adulthood. Numerous studies have confirmed that bilingual adults name fewer pictures correctly than monolinguals on the BNT. Research also shows that self-reported workload correlates with neuropsychological test performance and that estimates of workload provide additional information regarding cognitive outcomes. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX; Hart & Staveland 1988) with healthy adults on a neuropsychological test (i.e., the Tower of Hanoi). Research also shows that bilinguals report higher perceived workloads on cognitive tasks compared to monolinguals. Although this work has recently extended to other tests, to our knowledge, the workload profile of the BNT remains relatively unexplored. We evaluated BNT performance and perceived workload via the NASA-TLX in monolinguals and bilinguals. We predicted that monolinguals would outperform bilinguals on the BNT, but that bilinguals would report higher workloads.
Participants and Methods:The study sample consisted of 84 healthy participants (36 monolinguals, 48 bilinguals) with a mean age of 28.94 (SD = 10.76). Participants completed the standard 60-item BNT in English. The NASA-TLX scale was utilized to evaluate perceived workload across six subscales. The NASA-TLX was also completed in English after the completion of the BNT. ANOVAs were used to test BNT performance and perceived workload ratings between our language groups.
Results:We found that monolinguals performed better on the BNT compared to bilinguals, p =.001, np2 = 24. However, bilinguals reported exerting more effort when completing the BNT compared to monolinguals, p =.002, np2 = .11. Additionally. bilinguals also experienced more frustration when completing the BNT compared to monolinguals, p =.034, np2 = .05.
Conclusions:As expected, results revealed that monolinguals outperformed bilingual participants on the BNT. However, bilinguals exerted more effort on the BNT and reported the BNT to be more frustrating. A possible reason for bilinguals underperforming and reporting higher perceived workloads on the BNT may be because correct responses were only accepted in English. This may have caused bilingual speakers to exert increased effort to complete the task in a non-native language. In turn, this increased effort likely increased cognitive load and led to higher frustration levels. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and support the idea that bilingualism leads to perceiving greater effort and frustration, and to determine whether there are subgroup differences in BNT performances among bilingual individuals (e.g., English learned as a first language compared to English learned as a second language).
41 Analyzing Perceived Workloads in Bilinguals and Monolinguals’ Digit Span Performance
- Yvette De Jesus, Krithika Sivaramakrishnan, Adriana Cuello Cancino, Mariam Gomez Curiel, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Isabel D.C. Munoz, Krissy E. Smith, Daniel W. Lopez Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 452
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Objective:
A common neuropsychological task used is the Digit Span, known as a test of attention and working memory. The Digit Span Forward (DS-F) task evaluates attention; meanwhile, the Digit Span Backward (DS-B) and Sequencing (DS-S) evaluate working memory. Research shows that persons that speak multiple languages demonstrate better attention and working memory abilities compared to monolingual speakers. The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was conditionally validated by Hardy and Wright (2018) to measure perceived mental workload. Research also shows that bilinguals report higher perceived workloads on cognitive tasks compared to monolinguals. With that said, it was hypothesized that bilinguals would demonstrate better performances on Digit Span tasks compared to monolinguals. Additionally, it was hypothesized that bilinguals would report higher perceived workloads on all digit span tasks compared to monolinguals.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 29 psychologically and neurologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.66 (SD = 7.14). Participants were divided into two groups: English monolingual speakers (n = 10) and English and other language bilingual speakers (n = 19).
Participants completed all the subtests of the Digit Span (i.e., DS-F, DS-B, DS-S) in English. The NASA-TLX was used to measured DS-F, DS-B, and DS-S perceived workloads. The NASA-TLX was completed after each Digit Span subtest in English. We used ANOVAs to evaluate DS-F, DS-B, and DS-S performance and their perceived workload between our language groups.
Results:We found no significant differences between language groups on the DS-F. However, the bilingual group reported the DS-F to be more temporally demanding and frustrating compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2 =.14-.15. Next, we found that the monolingual group outperformed the bilingual group on the DS-B task, p = .027, np2 = .17. On the other hand, the bilingual group reported the DS-B task to be more temporally demanding and frustrating compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2=.18-.20. Finally, on the DS-S task the monolingual group outperformed the bilingual group, p = .043, np2 = .14. Meanwhile, the bilingual group reported the DS-S task to be more mentally and temporally demanding compared to the monolingual group, p’s < .05, nps2=.18-.34.
Conclusions:Contrary to our hypothesis, results show that monolinguals outperformed bilinguals on DS-B and DS-S, but not DS-F. However, as expected, bilinguals did report higher perceived workloads (e.g., frustration) on Digit Span tasks compared to monolinguals. A possible explanation could be that bilinguals’ efforts to remember the numbers were more taxing compared to monolinguals’ because they had to inhibit from verbally responding in their other language. Rushing bilinguals to provide responses, ultimately developing higher perceived workloads on Digit Span tasks. Future work should investigate if time perspective may be influencing bilingual speakers Digit Span performances and perceived workloads.
39 Perceived Workload and Language Order Effects on the Cordoba Naming Test in Spanish-English Bilinguals
- Krissy E. Smith, Isabel D. C. Munoz, Raymundo Cervantes, Andrea R. Preciado, Tara L. Victor, Natalia Garcia, Paula V. Bracho, Enrique Lopez, Alberto L. Fernandez, Yvette De Jesus, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 451-452
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Objective:
The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task. The administration of the CNT can be administered in multiple languages. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the National Aeronautic Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). They found that workload ratings on the NASA-TLX increased with increased demands on a cognitive task. Researchers found interactions in a study examining language proficiency and language (i.e., in which the test was administered) on several tasks of the Golden Stroop Test. Their results revealed that unbalanced bilinguals’ best-spoken language showed significantly better results compared to balanced bilinguals’ where language use did not matter. To our knowledge, no study has examined the order effects of Spanish-English bilingual speakers’ CNT performance and perceived workloads when completed in Spanish first compared to English second and vice-versa. We predicted that persons that completed the CNT in English first would demonstrate better performances and report lower perceived workloads on the CNT compared to completing the CNT in Spanish second. In addition, we predicted that persons that completed the CNT in Spanish first would demonstrate worse performance and higher perceived workloads on the CNT compared to completing the CNT in English second.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 62 Spanish-English healthy and neurologically bilingual speakers with a mean age of 19.94 (SD= 3.36). Thirty-seven participants completed the CNT in English first and then in Spanish (English-to-Spanish) and 25 participants completed the CNT in Spanish first and then in English (Spanish-to-English). The NASA-TLX was used to evaluate CNT perceived workloads. All the participants completed the NASA-TLX in English and Spanish after completing the CNT in the language given, respectfully. A series of paired-samples T-Tests were completed to evaluate groups CNT performance and perceived workload.
Results:We found that the English-to-Spanish group performed better on the CNT in English first than completing it in Spanish second, p = .000. We also found that the English-to-Spanish group reported better performance and less mentally demanding on the CNT when it was completed in English first compared to completing it in Spanish second, p’s < .05. Regarding the Spanish-to-English group, we found participants performed worse when they completed the CNT in Spanish first compared to completing the CNT in English second, p = .000. Finally, the Spanish-to-English group reported worse performance completing the CNT in Spanish first, more temporal demanding, and more frustrating compared to completing the CNT in English second, p’s < .05.
Conclusions:As expected, when participants completed the CNT in English, regardless of the order, they performed better and reported lower perceived workloads compared to completing the CNT in Spanish. Our data suggests that language order effect influenced participants CNT performance possibly due to not knowing specific items in Spanish compared to in English. Future studies using larger sample sizes should evaluate language order effects on the CNT in Spanish-English balanced bilingual speakers compared to unbalanced bilingual speakers.
Effects of intrahipocampal nmda on re-extinction of an aversive emotional memory task in rats
- E. P. Ruiz Gonzalez, D. M. Gómez Ordoñez, L. F. Cárdenas, M. N. Muñoz Argel
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S613
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Introduction
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in learning and memory. It is known that ventral hippocampus is a crucial structure involved in emotional memory formation mainly for fear and anxiety situations. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the stimulation of ventral hipocampal NMDA receptors on the reextinction of an aversive emotional memory task. NMDA (0.2 ug/μl; 0.2 μl) or saline (0.9 %; 0.2 μl) was bilateral and locally administered in the ventral hippocampus of male Wistar rats, before the re-instatement trial.
The experimental group consisted of 10 animals and the control group by 9 subjects. The results suggest that the activation of ventral hipocampal NMDA receptors induces an increase in the time needed to re-extinguish the conditioned fear, suggesting a possible potentiating effect on re-installation.
ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of NMDA at the intrahippocampal level, on the reinstatement and re extinction of a conditioned fear response in male Wistar rats.
MethodsThis study is experimental, where two groups of adult male Wistar rats were used. The bilateral cannulas was implanted, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of ketamine (Rotexmédica) and xylacin (Bayer; 75 mg/Kg and 5 mg/Kg), respectively, then the animals were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (Narishige) and injected with veterinary antibiotic.The (21G) caliber cannulas were bilaterally implanted in HPv at the following coordinates: AP = -5.2 mm relative to Bregma; ML = ± 5 mm in relation to the midline and DV = 5.1 mm in relation to the skull and according to the atlas (Paxinos & Watson, 1985).
ResultsIt was observed that in the first phase of extinction there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, experimental and control, as in the second phase of extinction. The results obtained for the re-extinction phase 1 and 2 showed that there were significant statistical differences between the groups. This difference was only evident in the first three minutes in the two phases of re-extinction.
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ConclusionsStatistically significant differences were observed between the two groups, in the phases of re-extinction, seeing a longer time of the freezing response in the experimental group, as an effect of the application of NMDA in the ventral hippocampus (HPv), which suggests that this substance has a memory-enhancing effect, and therefore contributes to increasing the permanence of the fear response. It should be noted that this difference was only evident in the first three minutes in the two re-extinction phases. These results may be related to other studies where it has been shown that LTP is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the CA1 region in vivo (Zhong, Cherry, Bies, Florence, & Gerges, 2009)
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
A phenomenological approach to the affective core of Delusional Disorder.
- R. Pellegrini, J. E. Muñoz Negro, R. Ottoni, M. Tonna, J. A. Cervilla
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S1062
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Introduction
According to current diagnostic systems, affective symptoms do not represent a fundamental criterion for the diagnosis of DD. However, numerous studies have highlighted frequent comorbidity between DD and Mood Disorders and have elucidated the importance of the affective state in the development and persistence of delusions. Thus, some factor analysis studies have identified the existence of a depressive dimension in DD, suggesting a substantial psychopathological heterogeneity in DD. However, these important affective features have not evaluated from a phenomenological point of view and in their relationship with delusions.
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between personality, trait affectivity and severity of delusions in patients with Delusional Disorder (DD).
MethodsThirty-two outpatients affected by DD were administered the Structured Interview for DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV), the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (NPI), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS). Next, we analysed the prevalence of personality disorder in our sample of patients with DD and studied the correlations between the severity of delusions and the different affective variables. Finally, we obtained a multivariate explanatory model of the severity of the delusions.
ResultsThe severity of delusions was directly associated with “Grandiose Fantasy” item of narcissistic personality and inversely related with the feelings of shame, fear and guilt. In the multivariate model, the feeling of shame was the only independent variable capable of accounting for the severity of the delusions, that, in in DD patients, would lie on an affective core of shame.
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficient
VARIABLES DRS total score GRANDIOSE FANTASY p = 0.045 SHAME p = 0.048 GUILT p = 0.016 AGITATION p = 0.049 FEAR p = 0.041 Table 3. Standardized coefficients in linear standard regression (DRS)
DRS: total score R² β t p Step 1 0.157 - - - GRANDIOSE FANTASY - 0.396 1.89 0.048 Step 2 0.460 - - - GRANDIOSE FANTASY - 0.291 1.65 0.116 SHAME - -0.560 -3.17 0.005 ConclusionsThe severity of delusional beliefs in DD patients would lie on an affective core of shame upon predisposing personality traits. These findings could help to develop a psychotherapeutic approach for delusional patients focused in the feeling of shame.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Factors associated with first suicide attempt vs. re-attempt in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- S. Abascal-Peiró, A. Alacreu-Crespo, I. Peñuelas-Calvo, B. Ezquerra-de la Cruz, L. Jiménez-Muñoz, E. Baca-García, A. Porras-Segovia
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S584
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Introduction
Suicide among children, adolescents and young adults is a major health problem, as it represents the fourth leading cause of death among people aged 15-29 (WHO, 2022). A recent study showed that the years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to suicide in 2018 were 1,344,552, which is very close to the 1,591,487 YPLL caused by COVID-19 in the year 2020 (Porras-Segovia et al, 2021). In the recent years, there is a growing interest in suicide prevention research in differentiating attempter profiles in terms of lifetime suicide attempts. Specifically, studies suggest that there may be meaningful differences concerning risk factors between patients with a history of one versus multiple suicide attempts. Multiple attempters (MA) show more suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms and hopelessness than single attempters (SA) (Esposito et al, 2003; Goldston et al, 1998).
ObjectivesWe aimed to answer the question ‘What are the factors associated with attempting suicide for the first time and are they different from the factors associated with re-attempting suicide in children and adolescents?’
MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in four databases. Article selection and data extraction according to a predefined protocol, including bias risk assessment, were performed by independent peer reviewers. Due to the different way to present data in the studies effect sizes were pre-calculated to standard mean differences (SMD). Random effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size for all meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.
Results14 studies were included in the systematic review, and 13 in the meta-analysis. Original articles used in the meta-analysis included a total of 4286 participants of whom 1579 were multiple suicide-attempters and 2707 single suicide attempters.
MAs showed significantly higher proportion of anxiety disorders (SMD = 0.387, 95%CI [0.09, 0.68], p < 0.022), alcohol abuse disorder (SMD = 0.382, 95%CI [0.07, 0.70], p < 0.036) and substance abuse disorder (SMD = 0.526, 95%CI [0.21, 0.84], p <0.013) than SAs. Mean depression severity was higher among MAs than SAs (SMD = 0.515, 95%CI [0.17, 0.86], p < 0.011). MAs showed higher impulsivity (SMD = 0.28, 95%CI [-0.03, 0.60], p < 0.068) and aggressiveness (SMD = 0.688, 95%CI [0.42, 0.96], p < 0.00) than SAs. Hopelessness (SMD = 0.482, 95%CI [0.06, 0.91], p < 0.03) and suicidal ideation (SMD = 0.399, 95%CI [0.34, 0.46], p < 0.007) was significantly higher in MA.
ConclusionsOn the basis of the current results, multiple attempters may represent a distinct patient population in terms of being a more severe clinical profile. This can provide the basis of stronger suicide prevention and vigilance programs focused in this suicidal phenotype.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Positive relationships and academic stressors in the post-pandemic context of covid-19 in adolescents from a school in Córdoba, Colombia.
- E. P. Ruiz Gonzalez, M. F. Martinez Burgos, V. Contrera Montiel, M. N. Muñoz Argel, J. J. Diaz Muñoz
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S214
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Introduction
Berscheid (1999), taken from Lacunza & Contini (2016), indicated that social relations were the foundation of the human condition. From positive psychology, Park et al. (2013) point out good relationships as a factor that contributes to a good psychological life, since they provide emotional and instrumental support in times of stress and challenge, indicating, in turn, normal evolutionary development and the avoidance of psychopathological problems.
ObjectivesTo establish the relationship between positive relationships and the presence of stressors in adolescents.
MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 109 (N= 109) adolescents. The SISCO Inventory was used to study academic stress as well as the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale.
ResultsA negative magnitude correlation was found between positive relationships and stressors. ( Table 1).
As a secondary result, 60.6% of the evaluated adolescents presented life purpos as the factor with the highest score in the psychological well-being variable. This points to authors such as Erikson (1988, p. 96), who define adolescence as a space characterized by feelings of creativity, productivity, new ideas, and a period of cognitive and social maturation, which leads to a definitive commitment to life itself. (Graph 1).
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ConclusionsPositive relationships in adolescents decrease the presence of stimuli considered stressors.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Brief psychotic episode in an adult without medical antecedents after suffering the indirect consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war
- R. G. Troyano, M. Fariña Francia, E. Marimon Muñoz, I. Fernandez Marquez, E. Miranda Ruiz, M. Arroyo Ucar, J. Ramirez Gonzalez, S. Ferreiro Gonzalez, C. Hidalgo, A. Quispe
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S911
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Introduction
Almost nine months after the start of the war between Russia and Ukraine, millions of people have been affected physically, economically and mainly mentally. Those who have stayed in their homeland, and the ones that have chosen to emigrate to a safer place.
ObjectivesThe objective of this article is to assess the importance of social stressors in the onset of a brief psychotic episode, even in the absence of substance abuse or previous illnesses.
MethodsThe case of a 45-year-old woman is described, known by the Pediatric Emergency Service, for being the tutor of a patient who suffered from anxiety attacks, having emigrated without her parents from Ukraine together with her 5 brothers. The psychotic episode begins when our patient gets notified that she must abandon the custody of the girl, because she will have to go to Turkey with her legal guardians. The family explains the behavioral changes that the patient made and how the clinical picture worsened.
ResultsShe was admitted at the Hospital’s Psychiatry Service and antipsychotics treatment started. After 5 days, the episode had completely been solved.
ConclusionsIn conclusion, we highlight the importance of social problems in the development of a psychiatric pathology and the necessary elements to prevent it: family support network, fast and efficient care services and availability of hospital and pharmaceutical resources.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Acute psychosis following corticosteroid administration for COVID-19 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection: A case study
- E. Miranda Ruiz, E. Marimon Muñoz, J. Ramirez Gonzalez, M. Fariña, R. G. Troyano, M. I. Arroyo Ucar, S. Ferreiro, I. Fernandez Marquez, C. Hidalgo, A. Quispe, L. Delgado
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S790
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Introduction
Steroids are a necessary treatment for hypoxic respiratory failure; however there are many side effects that should be taken into account. A 44- year-old-woman with asthma and no past psychiatric history was admitted due to COVID-19 pneumonia and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, presenting hypoxic respiratory failure. After two days of intravenous methylprednisolone administration, the patient presented acute psychosis and agitation.
It has been previously described that steroid use can cause effects such as mania, anxiety, agitation, delirium and psychosis amongst other. However they are a necessary treatment in respiratory illnesses and are sometimes unavoidable.
ObjectivesThe aim was to examine the appropriate medical response to steroid induced psychosis in patients with acute hypoxic failure.
MethodsA bibliographical review was done in PubMed database searching recent cases of steroid induced psychosis using the words (“Steroid”, “Psychosis” and “COVID-19”).
ResultsAccording to literature, it has been shown that partial or complete reduction of steroid use and/or use of psychotropic has been successfully used to treat steroid induced psychosis. Following the research it was decided to reduce intravenous methylprednisolone dose from 20mg/ 8h to 20mg/12h and start oral haloperidol 5mg/8h the first 24h and reducing the dose progressively as the patient recovered. After the first 24 hours the patient presented adequate response to steroids as well as partial response to antipsychotic treatment; presenting no further agitation, absence of hallucinations and partial persistence of the persecutory delusion. A couple of days later there was complete remission of the psychotic symptoms and the patient was on the way to recovery from COVID-19 and RSV.
ConclusionsThere is evidence that suggests that medications such as steroids used to treat COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses can lead to psychotic episodes. It is very important to pay attention to possible side effects when treating with steroids and evaluate the patient history as well as suggest having a follow up visit after the hospital discharge.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Joint treatment of an acute manic episode and a multiple sclerosis debut: A case study
- M. Fariña Francia, E. Marimon Muñoz, E. Miranda Ruiz, I. Fernandez Marquez, R. G. Troyano, J. Ramirez Gonzalez, S. Ferreiro Gonzalez, C. Hidalgo Vazquez, A. Quispe Sulca, M. I. Arroyo Ucar
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S570-S571
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Introduction
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects 1 in 1000 people. Given the association of MS to many affective disorders and specifically with Bipolar Disorder (BD), it is possible that a manic episode and an acute episode of MS may appear together. In these cases, it is difficult to decide whether it is necessary to start a corticosteroid regimen as treatment for the acute episode of MS, since it may worsen manic symptoms.
ObjectivesThe aim is to carry out a review of the existing information in relation to the comorbidity prevalence of MS and TB as well as the joint treatment of both illnesses, and to expose the details of a clinical case, regarding the treatment that was used in the acute psychiatry unit.
MethodsFirst, a search was done in PubMed database reviewing recent cases of steroid induced psychosis using the words (Multiple Sclerosis) AND (Bipolar Disorder). Subsequently, we describe the case of a 41-year-old patient who was admitted to the acute care unit from the emergency department presenting manic symptoms (megalomania, sensation of increased capacities and ideas of mystical content) associated to episodes of muscle weakness and gait disturbances. A screening Magnetic Resonance was performed in which lesions with inflammatory-demyelinating characteristics were detected, and was therefore catalogued as MS debut.
ResultsAfter carrying out a bibliographical review, we can conclude that studies recommend the inclusion of MS within the differential diagnosis of a first manic episode (1), performing neurological examinations, complete anamnesis and imaging tests, given that there is a high prevalence ratio of the comorbidity (2.95%) (2). It has been described that the use of lithium has a calming and neuroprotective agent that may be useful (3).
ConclusionsWe consider it of interest to describe the therapeutic approach to the case. After the introduction of Aripiprazole and Lithium, a short regimen of methylprednisolone in high doses was administered to treat the MS episode. When the treatment started, the patient presented a progressive improvement of the manic episode and motor symptoms. We observed that corticosteroid therapy did not worsen the manic symptoms or the patient’s evolution in this case. We intend to contribute by providing information on the joint management of these pathologies and we consider that it is necessary to continue studying this matter to be able to manage these cases in the most appropriate way.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Evaluating the implementation of the perinatal maternal route in a group of students of the psychology program of two Universites in Colombia during the period 2022
- E. P. Ruiz Gonzalez, M. N. Muñoz Argel, J. J. Vicuña Romero, T. Noguera Morales, M. Y. Acevedo Rodríguez
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S898-S899
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Introduction
Reducing maternal and newborn mortality is apriority on the health agenda. Priority, integral, integrated and barrier-free care a attention to the population frames the spirit of the route. The Comprehensive Care Route in Perinatal Maternal Health (CRPMH) proposes “to promote health and the improvement of maternal and perinatal health outcomes, through comprehensive health care, including coordinated action FROM the state, THE society and the family on the social and environmental determinants of health inequities” (Minsalud).
ObjectivesTo evaluate the implementation of the CRPMH in a group of maternal students from 0-12 months.
MethodsQualitative, through semi-structured interview techniques and focused groups (FG) referenced from the CRPMH (table 1) in 11 undergraduate students in psychology over 18 years from 2 Colombian universities.
ResultsQualitative analysis evaluates convergences/divergences by percentages of questionnaire responses and axial text analysis (FG). In preconception attention 100% of mothers do not report signs of health risk, however, caesarean section was performed in 83.3% of cases, this safer method is perceived for the mother and fetus, and is justified taking into account that the pain of childbirth is very strong (FG).
In gestational health they indicate prenatal control, medical appointments, formation in the condition of the fetus, guidelines on care, respectful upbringing and breastfeeding in 100%. In contrast, the focus group reports low empathy of doctors toward levels their fears, reduced time to address concerns, negative information about labor and satisfaction with medical procedures, considering caesarean section a humanized strategy.
Access to CRPMH is known by 50% of mothers, they do not know the preconceptional consultation. In the GF they conclude that the information on preparation for maternity and paternity is ineffective.
Psychological support is absent during childbirth and postpartum. There is a greater knowledge about breastfeeding 83.3%
DiscussionThe successful implementation of the route could reduce the risks of physical and psychological impact on perinatal maternal health by facilitating decisions about motherhood and its practice in the university educational environment. There was recognition of the clinical factors of the CRPMH and ignorance of the responsibility of the educational environment in its implementation.
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ConclusionsThe CCRPMH regulation is insufficient to guarantee its implementation. Risk factors include the quality of service provided by health-care providers and the lack of knowledge of regulations in university management.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Tetrathyridia in an endemic lizard from Chile: molecular evidence for South America
- J. P. Correa, F. Farías, E. San Juan, A. Yáñez-Meza, S. Muñoz-Leal, C. Botto-Mahan, P. Oyarzún-Ruiz
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- Journal:
- Journal of Helminthology / Volume 97 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 June 2023, e51
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Mesocestoides is a controversial tapeworm with significant lack of data related to systematics and life cycles. This helminth has an indirect life cycle with vertebrates, mostly carnivorous mammals, as definitive hosts. Theoretically, a coprophagous arthropod would be the first intermediate host, and herptiles, mammals, and birds, which prey on these insects, would represent the second intermediate hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that this life cycle would require only two hosts, with no arthropods involved. In the Neotropics, although there are records of mammals and reptiles as hosts for Mescocestoides, no molecular analyses have been performed. This work aimed to record an additional intermediate host and molecularly characterize the isolated larvae. Thus, 18 braided tree iguanas (Liolaemus platei) from Northern Chile were collected and dissected during 2019. One lizard was parasitized by three morphotypes of larvae compatible with tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides. To achieve its specific identity, a molecular approach was performed: 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA loci were amplified through cPCR. The inferred phylogenies confirmed the morphological diagnosis and stated that all morphotypes were conspecifics. The sequences for both loci formed a monophyletic clade with high nodal support, representing a sister taxon to Mescocestoides clade C. This study represents the first molecular characterization of any taxon of Mescocestoides from the Neotropics. Future surveys from potential definitive hosts would help to elucidate its life cycle. Furthermore, an integrative taxonomic approach is required in additional studies from the Neotropical region, which would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this genus.